www.madatenglish.fora.pl

))* EMKA *((

Nie komentuj, tylko coś dorzuć Wink

Może być poezja Razz

Mr_3

Make havoc of sth - pustoszyć coś
Play havoc among sth - siać spustoszenie wśród...

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Second to none - expression meaning the best

wraithc88

Korzystając z rad profesora Kuźmy odnośnie kształtowania świadomości językowej (tzw. semantic precision), zwracam sie do was kobiety (płci piękna, dziewuszki, damy etc. Razz

): ugotujcie_upichćcie_wrzućcie-na-ruszt ziemniaki_kartofle_pyry_bulwy i podajcie_zaserwujcie_przynieście Very Happy

rozwinięcie tego pomysłu mile widziane ;]

Gość

Czy wy wogole wiecie co wy piszecie?? Profesora Kuzmy?? Toc on ma magistra i zwraca sie do cwiczeniowca badz wykladowca jego tytulem naukowym nazywanie magistra profesorem jest profanacja tytulu naukowego. A co do tego ze wasz kochany "profesor Kuzama" jest taki fajny to wy sie dowiecie dopiero w czerwcu jak was przynjamniej polowe uwali na wrzesien. Zycze milej nauki....... Twisted Evil

Ikari

hehe, faktycznie, dopiero zauważyłem tę profanację Razz

ja się luzów w czerwcu nie spodziewam, przywali z możliwie największego kalibru w trakcie sesji, no ale cóż, takie życie studenta, z czegoś udupić trzeba Razz

))* EMKA *((

Może coś do tematu?

to tie the knot - to get married

Ikari

no to studenty zapiąć pasy bo będzie bujało Razz

Mr_3: pewnie będziesz jedynym którego ilość materiału ucieszy, uznałem że nie ma co wycinać poszczególnych słówek tylko podać możliwie najszerszy zakres na określony topic, mam nadzieję że się przyda i nikt mnie nie zbeszta za ilość tekstu ani za post pod postem Razz

Topic Activator > Language

1 types of language

language variety noun [countable] a form of a language that is spoken in a particular country or by a particular group of people:
• situations where speakers of different languages or language varieties come into contact

creole noun [uncountable and countable] a language that is a combination of a European language with one or more other languages:
• Dominica is one of the Eastern Caribbean islands where a French Creole is spoken by the older generation.

pidgin noun [uncountable and countable] a language that is a mixture of two other languages, which can be used by people who do not speak each other's languages well:
• There have been pidgins based on English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, and Swahili, among others.

dialect noun [uncountable and countable] a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language:
• differences in grammar or vocabulary between the local dialect of English and Standard English
• the loss of regional dialects

patois noun [uncountable and countable] a spoken form of a language used by the people of a small area and different from the national or standard language:
• In this village, most of the Indians conversed in patois.

vernacular noun [countable usually singular] a language or form of a language that ordinary people use, especially one that is not the official language:
• Hymns were sung in the vernacular (=not in Latin).
• The twelfth century document was in the vernacular, though scholars had expected it to be in Latin.

tone language noun [countable] a language such as Chinese in which the way a sound goes up or down affects the meaning of the word

sign language noun [uncountable and countable] a language consisting of hand movements instead of spoken words, used by people who are deaf or who cannot hear well:
• Some deaf children are very proficient at sign language.

artificial language noun [countable] a language that has been invented, for example for use with computers:
• It had been thought that only an artificial language could deliver the necessary precision.

natural language noun [uncountable and countable] a language that has developed naturally, and is used by people to speak and write:
• grammatical principles that apply to all natural languages

language family noun [countable] a group of related languages:
• Most of the languages of Europe are members of the Indo-European language family.

Romance language noun [countable] a language that comes from Latin, for example French or Spanish:
• This north-eastern region possessed a Romance language quite different from Spanish.

Slavonic language noun [countable] a language such as Russian, Bulgarian, or Polish

Germanic language noun [countable] a language such as German, English, Dutch, or the Scandinavian languages

Semitic language noun [countable] a language such as Arabic or Hebrew

Indo-European language noun [countable] a member of the group of languages that includes English, French, Hindi, Russian, and most of the other languages of Europe and N India:
• Half the world's population speak Indo-European languages.

Ikari

2 writing systems and symbols

alphabet noun [countable] a set of letters used in writing, which are traditionally arranged in a particular order:
• Pupils of this age should have some knowledge of the names and order of the letters of the alphabet.
the Roman alphabet (=the alphabet used for English and many other European languages)
the Cyrillic alphabet (=the alphabet used for Russian, Bulgarian, and some other Slavonic languages)
alphabetic adjective:
• an alphabetic system of writing

symbol noun [countable] a letter, number, or sign that represents a sound or word:
• The symbol © stands for the word "copyright".
symbolic adjective

hieroglyphic (also hieroglyph) noun [countable] a picture that represents a word, especially in the Ancient Egyptian system of writing:
• Thomas Young was able to decipher part of the hieroglyphics.
hieroglyphic adjective:
• hieroglyphic inscriptions

ideogram (also ideograph) noun [countable] a written sign, for example in Chinese, that represents an idea or thing rather than the sound of a word:
• Some concepts were so alien that they required new ideographs.
ideographic adjective

kanji noun [plural] a Japanese writing system based on Chinese ideograms:
• Since Japanese kanji have little relationship to spoken sounds, every kanji character must be memorized individually.

kana noun [plural] a Japanese writing system in which symbols represent syllables

katakana noun [plural] a Japanese writing system in which symbols represent syllables, used mainly for writing foreign words

hiragana noun [plural] a Japanese writing system in which symbols represent syllables, used in newspapers and literature

braille noun [uncountable] a form of printing for blind people, with raised parts that they can read by touching the paper with their fingers:
• Computers can be used to translate books into braille.

diacritic noun [countable] a mark placed over, under, or through a letter in some languages, to show that the letter should be pronounced differently from the same letter without a mark

accent noun [countable] a mark placed above or below particular letters in some languages to show how to pronounce the letter
acute accent (=an upwards sloping mark over a letter, as in 'é')
grave accent (=a downwards sloping mark over a letter, as in 'è')

circumflex noun [countable] a mark placed above a letter in a French word to show its pronunciation, as in 'ô'

cedilla noun [countable] a mark placed under the letter 'c' in French and some other languages to show that it is an 's' sound instead of a 'k' sound, as in 'ç'

umlaut noun [countable] a mark (¨) placed over a German vowel to show how it is pronounced

tilde noun [countable] a mark (˜) placed over the letter 'n' in Spanish to show that it is pronounced /nj/

Ikari

3 the sounds of language

pronunciation noun [uncountable and countable] the way in which a particular word is or should be pronounced:
• English pronunciation is very difficult for Japanese learners.

accent noun [countable] the way someone pronounces the words of a language, which shows which country or which part of a country they come from:
• a woman with a foreign accent
American/English/German/southern etc accent: He spoke with a strong American accent.

stress noun [uncountable and countable] the degree of force or loudness with which a part of a word is pronounced, which makes it sound stronger than other parts:
• In the word 'Japan' the primary stress is on the last syllable.

intonation noun [uncountable and countable] the way in which the level of your voice changes in order to add meaning to what you are saying, for example by going up at the end of a question:
• This chapter looks at the most common intonation patterns in English.

pitch noun [singular, uncountable] how high or low a spoken sound is:
• There are a wide range of variations in pitch available to express nuances and degrees of emphasis.

tone noun [uncountable and countable] how high or low your voice is when you say a word or part of a word:
rising/falling tone: It is by no means true that a rising tone is always used for questions in English.

prosody noun [uncountable] the patterns of sound and rhythm in poetry and spoken language, or the rules for arranging these patterns:
• The translator is not obliged to reproduce the prosody of the original.

Ikari

4 words used by particular groups

slang noun [uncountable] very informal, sometimes offensive, language that is used especially by people who belong to a particular group, such as young people or criminals:
• Speakers show enormous creativity in their use of slang.
slang word/expression/term: 'Shepherd' was a slang term for a spy.

language noun [uncountable] the words and expressions used by a particular group of people, for example those who do a particular job:
• It felt uncomfortable talking about family issues in the language of economists and accountants.
legal/medical etc language: A will has to be written in the correct legal language.

jargon noun [uncountable] words and expressions used by a particular group of people, for example those who do a particular job, which are difficult for other people to understand - often used to show disapproval:
technical/scientific/legal/medical etc jargon: As far as possible, the authors have tried to avoid using technical jargon.

terminology noun [uncountable] the technical words or expressions that are used when talking about a particular subject or doing a particular job:
• Doctors should avoid using medical terminology when talking to patients.

vocabulary noun [uncountable and countable] the words that are typically used when talking about a particular subject:
• It was at this time that a new word entered the political vocabulary - ideology.
• She has a large active vocabulary. (=uses a lot of different words in her speaking and writing) | I would never say "unmitigated", though it's in my passive vocabulary. (=words that I recognize and understand, but do not usually speak or write)

-speak/-ese suffix the special language or difficult words that are used in a particular business or activity:
• adspeak (=language used in advertising) | legalese (=legal language, used by lawyers)

idiolect noun [uncountable and countable] the words used by a particular person, and the way they use them:
• Every speaker of a language has a distinct idiolect.

Ikari

5 the study of language

linguistics noun [uncountable] the study of language in general and of particular languages, their structure, grammar, and history:
• He spoke at length on the relationship between linguistics and the study of literature.
linguistic adjective:
• The test may be based on out-of-date linguistic theories.
linguist noun [countable]:
• Some linguists are becoming quite bold in the grouping of languages.

phonetics noun [uncountable] the study of speech sounds, including how they are produced
phonetic adjective
phonetician noun [countable]

phonology noun [uncountable] the study of the system of speech sounds in a language
phonological adjective
phonologist noun [countable]

grammar noun [uncountable] the study of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences or phrases:
• Gender is also a technical term in grammar, which may cause confusion.
grammatical adjective:
• The grammatical structure of a language does, of course, change, but this does not happen overnight.
grammarian noun [countable]

morphology noun [uncountable] the study of the morphemes (=smallest units of meaning) of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words
morphological adjective

syntax noun [uncountable] the study of the way words are combined to form sentences or phrases
syntactic adjective

semantics noun [uncountable] the study of the meaning of words and phrases
semantic adjective

etymology noun [uncountable] the study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words
etymological adjective
etymologist noun [countable]

psycholinguistics noun [uncountable] the study of psychological matters relating to the use, learning, and understanding of language
psycholinguistic adjective

sociolinguistics noun [uncountable] the study of how social and cultural matters affect people's use of language
sociolinguistic adjective

orthography noun [uncountable] the study of spelling
orthographic adjective

lexicography noun [uncountable] the skill, practice, or profession of writing dictionaries
lexicographical adjective
lexicographer noun [countable]

Mr_3

Monday - the day between Sunday and Tuesday.

Some definitions from Longman are so thought-provoking...

Mr_3

DO NOT MAKE YOUR POST RATING HIGHER BY ANY MEANS...! THIS IS NOT A SPAM TOPIC...! Razz

Mr_3

Jakiś 'Gość' się wpisał. O jakichś profanacjach czy coś... Pogadamy po sesji. Wtedy zobaczymy kto jest HOT a kto NOT.

Mautilius

a kto KNOT